Electronic Cigarette common structure

7 Biggest Electronic Cigarette Myths

There are many myths and misconceptions about electronic cigarettes. Let's seperate fact from fiction.

Myth #1 - Electronic cigarettes are a threat to children/teens
FALSE.
Where it comes from:
Legislators and anti-smoking groups assume that children will be drawn to the "electronic gadgets," the fruit/candy flavors and ease of access on the internet & mall kiosks. 

Why it's a wrong:
First, they aren't easy to purchase on the internet. A credit card or bank account is required. So, unless the child steals a parent's credit card and then hides the card statement later on, the risk of being discovered is high. The majority of kiosk vendors have already implemented a policy of forbidding sales to minors. The opportunity for minors to purchase electronic cigarettes at those kiosks is no better than purchasing tobacco cigarettes at a gas station - probably less.

Second, the least expensive electronic cigarette starter kits run between $35 - $50 (plus shipping) online and $90 - $150 at mall kiosks. This price point is considerable for the average adult, let alone a child. Children would be more likely to spend that money on music, clothes or video games than an electronic cigarette - especially when they can easily get a $7 pack of cigarettes at the corner store or from friends. Electronic cigarettes also require the additional purchases of accessories and replacement parts. A single battery costs over $10. Heating elements, which require frequent replacement, cost over $8 each.

Third, anecdotal accounts indicate that children/teens view electronic cigarettes as a way for adults to quit smoking. They lack the "danger factor," which reduces appeal. Additionally, an informal poll of nearly 1,000 electronic cigarette owners shows that the average consumer is overwhelmingly over 26 years oldand a smoker, indicating that even young adults do not find them particularly appealing.

Myth #2 - Sweet flavors and flashy packaging are intended to specifically attract young people.
FALSE.
Where it comes from:
The assumption by critics that the slick advertisements and fruity flavors only appeal to children and their lack of knowledge of the target consumer and the intended purpose of the product. 

Why it's wrong:
These products are not intended to be a treatment for nicotine addiction. They are intended to be a way for current smokers to smoke without the dangerous toxins and carcinogens. Retailers need to differentiate themselves from stop-smoking aids, to convince long-time smokers that the electronic cigarette is just as appealing as the tobacco cigarette they currently use. 

Just as with marketing cars, televisions, cell phones, alcohol and other adult products, advertisers attempt to make the devices appeal to adults with a "coolness factor." Studies show that "smokers are more likely than the general population to be risk-taking, extroverted, defiant, and impulsive" - very similar to teen demographics - so the misconception is understandable, but misguided. Often overlooked in these ads are the claims about the ability to "smoke anywhere" and have a safer/healthier option to smoking - a clear indication that they are targeting current smokers and smokers concerned about their health and not new/young smokers.

Regarding sweet flavors, the tobacco-flavored liquid does not have a pleasant taste for many smokers, as it is difficult to replicate the tobacco smoke taste. Adults, who make up the majority of electronic cigarette consumers, specifically requested alternative flavors that would work well with the liquid base - which were mostly sweeter fruit and candy flavors. Nearly 50% of adult electronic cigarette owners polled (over the age of 26) report that they primarily use these non-tobacco flavors and attribute them with the ability to keep them from returning to tobacco cigarettes. They also testify that the sweeter flavors make tobacco cigarettes taste particularly foul and further reduce their chances of returning to smoking cigarettes.

Myth #3 - Electronic Cigarettes all contain anti-freeze.
FALSE.
Where it comes from:
In 2009, the FDA released a press statement claiming that they tested electronic cigarettes and found diethylene glycol, an ingredient in anti freeze.

Why it's wrong:
Independent labs extensively tested other electronic cigarettes and found no evidence of diethylene glycol, the toxic component of anti-freeze claimed to have been found in the brands the FDA tested. 

To further the confusion, electronic cigarette liquid is made of propylene glycol, an ingredient recognized as safe for human consumption by the FDA. While propylene glycol is sometimes used in anti-freeze, it is an additive intended to make it LESS harmful if accidentally swallowed.

The FDA tested just 18 cartridges, from only two companies. Out of those 18, just one tested positive for "about 1% diethylene glycol." Because so many other tests failed to find diethylene glycol, some experts conclude that the single sample may have been contaminated in some other way. By no means is it considered a standard ingredient in electronic cigarettes.

If electronic cigarettes did contain anti-freeze, there would be news reports about the thousands of electronic cigarette owners suffering from diethylene glycol poisoning and that is not the case. To date, after five years on the market worldwide, there have been no such reports.

Myth #4 - Electronic cigarettes are just as deadly and carcinogenic as tobacco cigarettes.
FALSE.
Where it comes from:
The FDA stated they found trace amounts of carcinogens in the nicotine cartridges and the media and health organizations used that statement to claim that electronic cigarettes are just as dangerous as tobacco cigarettes.

Why it's wrong:
The FDA found trace amounts of "tobacco-specific nitrosamines" in the samples they tested, which can cause cancer under certain conditions and in sufficient amounts. The FDA allows certain levels of nitrosamines in consumable products. For example, tests show that other nicotine products, such as nicotine gum and nicotine patches, also contain the same tobacco-specific nitrosamines. The FDA did not release any information on the levels they found, however, the scientific definition of "trace amount" means amounts that are "detectable," but too small to even accurately measure.

An independent study by Dr. Murray Laugesen showed that, on average, the electronic cigarette contained 8.18ng nitrosamines per 1g of liquid. 8 ng in 1g = eight parts per trillion, an extremely tiny amount. By comparision, nicotine gum tested at 2ng, the nicotine patch tested at 8ng and Marlborough cigarettes tested at a staggering 11,190ng. That translates that electronic cigarettes contain 1,200 times LESS of these cancer-causing nitrosamines than tobacco cigarettes and about the same as the FDA-approved nicotine patch.

Myth #5 - Electronic cigarettes may be more addictive than regular cigarettes.
FALSE.
Where it comes from:
The infamous FDA testing showed that the levels of nicotine found in the cartridges varied from the advertised amount. Also, traces of nicotine were found in cartridges labeled as "no nicotine." Critics claim that means electronic cigarette users may be inhaling too much nicotine and causing them to be even more addicted.

Why it's wrong:
Two independent tests, the one by Dr. Laugesen and one by Dr. Thomas Eissenberg at Virginia Commonwealth University, showed that electronic cigarette vapor does not deliver nicotine as "efficiently" as tobacco smoke and actually delivers nicotine in lower amounts than tobacco smoke.

Additionally, smokers tend to "self-regulate" their intake, as seen by how many cigarettes as smoker uses in a day. When the need for nicotine is met, the smoker - or in this case, the electronic cigarette user - no longer has a craving and ceases consumption. The fundamental behavior of nicotine addiction just doesn't support the claims of increasing the addiction in that manner.

Myth #6 - Second-hand "vapor" is a threat to bystanders.
FALSE.
Where it comes from:
Anti-smoking groups claim the toxins and carcinogens in electronic cigarettes (as well as addictive nicotine) can be accidentally inhaled by bystanders, just like second-hand tobacco smoke.

Why it's wrong:
As shown previously, electronic cigarettes already contain a tiny, barely detectable fraction of the carcinogens found in tobacco cigarettes. They also have been shown not to contain any of the toxins in the amounts found in tobacco cigarettes and that they deliver very little nicotine in the vapor. So, given that the vapor already proves little, if any, danger to the actual user, any danger to bystanders by the exhaled vapor would be negligible. 

Additionally, tobacco cigarettes create "side stream smoke," which is the smoke that comes directly from the end of a lit cigarette and the smoke lingers in the air and travels a fair distance from the smoker. 

Electronic cigarette vapor does not behave in the same manner as tobacco smoke. There is no vapor produced from the device, until the user activates it by inhaling, so there is no "side stream vapor" is created and the vapor dissipates very quickly. In the event that a bystander would pass through the vapor, since it doesn't contain the irritating toxins of tobacco smoke, it would likely be barely detectable beyond the faint scent of the flavor and only for a fleeting moment.

Myth #7 - Electronic cigarettes are a "gateway" to tobacco smoking.
FALSE.
Where is comes from:
Critics theorize that more non-smokers will be willing to try electronic cigarettes, due to their attractive flavors and attractive styling.

Why it's wrong:
People start smoking for different reasons. Studies show that children and young adults are more influenced by their peers, parents and stress levels than advertizing or flavors. The most popular tobacco flavors among youth are Camel, Marlborough and Newport - fruit and candy flavors only made up 2% of sales when they were legal - and rarely do people cite the flavor as a reason they started smoking.

Considering the high start-up costs and the easy accessibility of tobacco cigarettes, electronic cigarettes are unlikely to appeal to new smokers in significant numbers.

Additionally, given the fact that current users claim that electronic cigarettes make tobacco smoke taste considerably foul, in the unlikely event that a new smoker chooses electronic cigarettes over tobacco cigarettes, the chance they will find tobacco smoking appealing is even less.

What is an Electronic Cigarette?

The electronic cigarette, also known as the e-cig, was first developed in China just a few years ago. It is widely popular in Europe and increasingly popular in the United States. 

An electronic cigarette is a handheld electronic device similar in size and shape to either a cigarette, ballpoint pen, or a screwdriver that utilizes a battery and atomizer to deliver nicotine to the user in the form of a vaporized solution of water, nicotine, glycerin or propylene glycol and flavoring. When the user puffs on the cigarette tip it activates the atomizer and the user inhales the vapor mixture and is able to exhale vapor resembling smoke. The process is referred to as vaping rather than smoking.

The size and shape you chose will depend on your personal preferences. Don't be surprised if your personal preferences change as you experiment with them. Initially, it was ideal to have the e-cig look and feel like a real cigarette. Later you'll be realizes the advantages to having it look like a pen or a screwdriver.

The Traditional Real Cigarette Look: This e-cig looks like a real cigarette. It is white with a golden brown filter and the tip glows red (via an L.E.D. light) when you puff the cigarette and the vapor released looks like real smoke. To anyone looking at you, they would assume you are smoking a regular cigarette. 

The Non-Traditional Real Cigarette Look: This e-cig looks like a real cigarette except for color and the L.E.D. light. This e-cig comes in various colors such as black or titanium and the L.E.D. light comes in colors such as blue, green or white.

The Pen Style Look: This e-cig looks like a ballpoint pen and has a tapered mouthpiece. These also come in either black or titanium and come with different color lights or sometimes no light at all.  As time goes by, more and more colors are becoming available.

The Screwdriver Look: This e-cig looks like a small screwdriver. This style utilizes a larger battery to increase the life of the e-cig between charges.  This type is often referred to as a "Mod".  The mods often use higher voltage. 

Advantages of Vaping over Smoking

• No tar, harmful toxins, or carbon monoxide as found in traditional cigarettes
• No more second-hand smoke to worry non-smokers around you
• No lighters needed, non-flammable
• No ashtrays needed, no ash or butts to dispose of
• No smoke, only vapor
• Allows you to get your nicotine fix in places smoking is not allowed, no more going outside to smoke
• Less expensive than traditional cigarettes
• Will hopefully allow cheaper insurance rates since you're no longer a tobacco user
• Improved health without the tar and toxins
• Improved self-esteem by losing the stigma of being a smoker, you're now a non-smoker
• No more burnt holes in carpet, clothing, sofas
• No more smokey-smelling clothes or hair
• Fresher breath

features of Hack Language

• Type Annotations allow for PHP code to be explicitly typed on parameters, class member variables and return values:

  <?hh
  class MyClass {
    const int MyConst = 0;
    private string $x = '';
    public function increment(int $x): int {
      $y = $x + 1;
      return $y;
    }
  }

• Generics allow classes and methods to be parameterized (i.e., a type associated when a class is instantiated or a method is called) in the same vein as statically type languages like C# and Java):

  <?hh
  class Box<T> {
    protected T $data;
  
    public function __construct(T $data) {
      $this->data = $data;
    }
  
    public function getData(): T {
      return $this->data;
    }
  }

• Nullable Types are supported by Hack through use of the ? operator. This introduces a safer way to deal with nulls and is very useful for primitive types that don’t generally allow null as one of their values, such as bool and int (using ?bool and ?int respectively). The operator can be used on any type or class.
• Collections enhance the experience of working with PHP arrays, by providing first class, built-in parameterized types such as Vector (an ordered, index-based list), Map (an ordered dictionary), Set (a list of unique values), and Pair (an index-based collection of exactly two elements).
• Lambdas offer similar functionality to PHP closures, but they capture variables from the enclosing function body implicitly and are less verbose:

  <?hh
  function foo(): (function(string): string) {
    $x = 'bar';
    return $y ==> $x . $y;
  }
  function test(): void {
    $fn = foo();
    echo $fn('baz'); // barbaz
  }

Other significant features of Hack include Shapes, Type Aliasing, Async support, and much more.

The JIT Compiler

Rather than directly interpret or compile PHP code directly to C++, HHVM compiles Hack and PHP into an intermediate bytecode. This bytecode is then translated into x64 machine code dynamically at runtime by a just-in-time (JIT) compiler. This compilation process allows for all sorts of optimizations that cannot be made in a statically compiled binary, thus enabling higher performance of your Hack and PHP programs.

HHVM

HHVM is an open-source virtual machine designed for executing programs written in Hack and PHP. HHVM uses a just-in-time (JIT) compilation approach to achieve superior performance while maintaining the development flexibility that PHP provides.

HHVM runs much of the world’s existing PHP. Developers and hosts are adopting HHVM. We are aware of minor incompatibilities (please open issues when you find them), but we can run the top 20 Github PHP frameworks out of the box. The HHVM team, along with many wonderful community members, has made it a stated, high priority goal to run all existing PHP code existing out in the wild.

HHVM Features

• The Hack Language
• JIT Compilation
• HNI
• FastCGI support
• Increasing PHP5 Parity
• hphpd debugger
• …. and many more

Have fun with Hack!

Open-source both Hack and the tools you can use to automatically convert your codebase is to be open source. This is just the first step, and they(Facebook) are dedicated to continuing to evolve this software to make development even easier for engineers and the broader community. Hack's value is *not* limited to big projects: with type information, good error messages, and fast feedback, small codebases can reap the benefits of Hack as well.

The Hack language

Hack has deep roots in PHP. In fact, most PHP files are already valid Hack files. Facebook made a conscious choice not to support a handful of deprecated functions and features that were incompatible with static typing (e.g. “variable variables” and the extract() function).There also added many new features that will help make developers more productive.

Their principal addition is static typing. They have developed a system to annotate function signatures and class members with type information; the type checking algorithm (the “type checker”) infers the rest. Type checking is incremental, such that even within a single file some code can be converted to Hack while the rest remains dynamically typed. Technically speaking, Hack is a “gradually typed*”* language: dynamically typed code interoperates seamlessly with statically typed code.

Within Hack's type system, there have several features such as generics, nullable types, type aliasing, and constraints on type parameters. These new language features are unobtrusive, so the code you write with Hack will still look and feel like the dynamic language to which PHP programmers are accustomed.

However, Hack adds additional features beyond static type checking, including Collections, lambda expressions, and run-time enforcement of return types and parameter types.

Collections provide a clean, type-safe alternative to PHP arrays. It designed specifically to work well with static typing and generics. The Collections API offers many classic higher-order functions such as map() and filter() to facilitate functional programming styles.

Lambda expressions give a concise syntax for creating closures. While PHP has closures, it requires the programmer to explicitly name the variables they need to use from enclosing scopes. With Hack's lambda expressions, it automatically infer these uses, saving you needless work. Lambda expressions make it more convenient to take full advantage of the Collections API.

Run-time enforcement of return types and parameter types (including scalar types like int and string) provides safety beyond what can be checked statically while type annotations are being gradually added to a codebase. Run-time enforcement helps programmers detect and diagnose certain kinds of problems more easily, and it helps HHVM's JIT produce more efficient code by making it safe to trust type annotations for optimization purposes.

Hack: a new programming language

Today facebook are releasing Hack, a programming language developed for HHVM that interoperates seamlessly with PHP. Hack reconciles the fast development cycle of PHP with the discipline provided by static typing, while adding many features commonly found in other modern programming languages.

Hack had been deployed at Facebook and it has been a great success. Over the last year, they have migrated nearly entire PHP codebase to Hack. 

Every PHP programmer is familiar with day-to-day tasks that can be tricky or cumbersome. The code above is a great example of a common mistake where a method could unexpectedly be called on a null object, causing an error that wouldn't be caught until runtime. Another example is a complex API, where developers may have a solid understanding of its semantics but still spend time looking up mundane method names in documentation.

At Facebook scale — with thousands of engineers shipping new code twice a day — slowdowns like these are even more problematic. Before Hack, facebook had a simple language with a quick feedback loop — but how could they mitigate the sorts of problems described above? Could early error detection coexist with rapid iteration, all while preserving their investment in PHP? Could improved code analysis and introspection help make developers more productive with tools like auto-complete?

Traditionally, dynamically typed languages allow for rapid development but sacrifice the ability to catch errors early and introspect code quickly, particularly on larger codebases. Conversely, statically typed languages provide more of a safety net, but often at the cost of quick iteration. We believed there had to be a sweet spot.

Thus, Hack was born. It offers the best of both dynamically typed and statically typed languages, and that it will be valuable to projects of all sizes.

Source

Parodi

Parodi Forum Suara Mahasiswa

Pendidikan Percuma???

Pendidikan percuma, itulah topik asas yang dibangkitkan oleh Bawani ketika perbuatan bertanyakan soalan yang bagi saya bersifat agak provokasi kerana tiada adab di dalamnya. Ingat, kelembutan dalam suara, kesopanan dan nada yang bersahaja adalah salah satu adab dalam berhujah. Kalau sudah terjerit sana dan sini, itu bukan di namakan adab.

Tetapi, kami difahamkan bahawa sebenarnya Sharifah itu hanyalah moderator dan program yang ada di UUM bukanlah panelis yang dilantik. Pada saat ikrar dibacakan, itu sudah penghujung majlis dan majlis berkenaan tidak ada menyentuh langsung soal politik.

Sharifah juga harus dipersalahkan. Saya tak tahu kenapa dia bercakap mengenai soal binatang dalam penghujahan. Tapi itu bukan persoalan kami. Andaikan kami pada admin SSTDMM, berdiri di hadapan situ. Mungkin ini hujah kami untuk menjawab soalan Bawani. Bawani membawakan negara-negara seperti Cuba, Argentina, dan Brazil, negara dunia ketiga yang sedang membangun yang menjalankan pendidikan percuma, dan kenapa Malaysia tidak mampu untuk melaksanakan pendidikan percuma? Namun, belum sempat Bawani menghabiskan hujahnya, terus Sharifah memotong. Ini juga merupakan salah Sharifah pada hemat saya.

Tetapi saya juga difahamkan yang Sharifah terpaksa memotong kerana kesuntukan masa program. Bawani pula bertanyakan selepas waktu program. Ini yang dianggap sebagai sejenis provokasi kerana sepatutnya soalan itu ditanyakan kepada panelis, bukannya moderator.

Berbalik kembali kepada topic perbincangan kita, apa yang perlu dijawab oleh Sharifah? Pertama, Sharifah harus menggunakan ayat ini, “Tiada apa yang percuma di dunia.” Memang pendidikan percuma, tetapi ada bayarannya untuk dapatkan sesuatu yang percuma. Analogi yang sesuai umpama beli sesuatu produk, kita dapat free gift melalui pembelian kita. Sama juga dengan isu ini, pendidikan percuma, tetapi rakyat harus membayarnya melalui mekansime yang lain.

Sebagai contoh, CUKAI. Untuk pengetahuan, Cuba dan Argentina merupakan negara yang lebih miskin daripada kita. Tanyakan kepada mereka sama ada bagaimana dengan pembangunan di negara-negara berkenaan? Bagaimana dengan keadaan di negara berkenaan.

Saya ambil contoh, Argentina. Memang pendidkan di negara berkenaan percuma dan terbuka kepada sesiapa sahaja. Tetapi, terdapat banyak kos tersembunyi di negara berkeaan seperti pelahar harus membayar kos pengakutan dan pelbagai kos-kos lain yang mengarut. Pemberian biasiswa di negara berkenaan yang tidak sama rata sebenarny telah mengabaikan golongan yang berpendidikan rendah untuk masuk ke dalam university. 1 daripada 9 pelajar yang memasuki universiti di Argentina datang daripada golongan miskin manakala yang kayanya mendominasi di sana.

Negara dunia ketiga seperti Sri Lanka dan Mauritius mengamalkan pendidikan percuma?

Sebelum nak bercakap mengenai Sri Lanka, fahamkan dulu sistem pendidikan mereka. Hanya 10 peratus sahaja mereka yang layak memasuki university, selebihnya akan terpiggir. Inilah harganya yang perlu dibayar. Mengenai soal Mauritius, hanya orang bodoh sahaja yang membandingkan Malaysia dengan Mauritius. 1,286,340 merupakan jumlah rakyat di sana. Negara mereka pula kecil dan pengajian swasta cuma menjalankan kelas pada hari minggu sahaja memandangkan jumlah pelajar di sana sangat kecil. Jadi, buat apa nak bandingkan epal dengan durian? Sangat tidak adil bukan?

Brazil. Ya, pendidikan mereka percuma, tetapi, nah, ambil ni:

"Brazil is known for charging a high tax burden from its citizens and companies established. We will provide an overview of the most common taxes in Brazil, dividing them into Federal, State and Municipal taxes."

Kenyataan di atas ialah datang daripada orang Brazil sendiri. (sumber:http://thebrazilbusiness.com/article/the-16-most-common-brazilian-taxes)

Mari-mari menjelajah negara nombor satu dalam sukan bola sepak ini. Lagi artikel yang merungut mengenai hidup di Brazil yang sangat tinggi dengan cukai. Mereka memberi tajuk kepada artikel ini dengan ayat ini:

" Everyday taxes in Brazil: IPVA, IPTU and IPTR!"

(sumber : http://thebrazilbusiness.com/article/everyday-taxes-in-brazil-ipva-iptu-and-iptr)

Bandingkan dengan negara kaya pula? Berapa kerat negara kaya yang ada sistem pendidikan percuma? Denmark? Kadar cukai di negara berkenaan merupakan yang paling tinggi di dunia. Nampak kana da benda yang perlu dibayar?

Turki? Sistem pendidikan negara kita tak ubah macam negara mereka.Turki hanya menawarkan pendidikan percuma pada peringkat sekolah rendah dan menengah daripada gred 1 sehinggalah 12. Serupa dengan negara kita, pendidikan percuma di Malaysia ditawarkan daripada darjah satu sehinggalah ke tingkatan 6 sebenarnya.

Finland? Saya dah cakap, jangan buat perbandingan epal dan durian. Kita buat sedikit analisis pasal negara Finland. Finland mempunyai 169, 000 orang pelajar dan Malaysia mempunyai 508,256 pelajar yang belajar di IPTA (IPTA sahaja, tidak termasuk IPTS lagi). Malaysia sebenarnya memberikan subsidi sebanyak 95 % daripada yuran pengajian sebenar di IPTA. Pelajar hanya membayar 5 % sahaja. Cukai pendapatan di Finland mencecah 50 peratus ke atas manakala Malaysia hanyalah mencecah 26 peratus maksimun. Dan, kenapa tergamak kalian bandingkan epal dan durian?

Negara-negara yang dibangkitkan oleh Bawini sebenarnya kaya dengan inflasi. Ambil contoh Argentina sudah cukup. 38 peratus inflasi untuk 2 tahun kebelakangan ini. Barang naik sikit kat Malaysia pun dah bising, dan hanya kerana pendidikan percuma, apakah sudah bersedia rakyat Malaysia untuk menghadapi cukai yang tinggi? Ini hanya pandangan peribadi saya. Kalau ada apa yang salah, atau anda ada cadangan yang lain, sama-samalah kita kongsikan. 


source from facebook.

lg optimus 7 - Windows Phone 7

Windows phone 7

Windows phone 7..

Sushi versi Nyotaimori (18++SX)

Makanan Jepun mempersembahkan Seni Nyotaimori
Nyotaimori (Jepun:, "tubuh perempuan persembahan"), sering disebut sebagai "Badan Sushi," adalah amalan yang sangat langka melayani sashimi atau sushi dari tubuh seorang wanita, biasanya telanjang. Nantaimori (Jepun) merujuk kepada amalan yang sama dengan menggunakan model laki-laki. Subdivisi ini bermain makanan adalah awalnya merupakan amalan Jepun jelas bahawa telah menarik perhatian media antarabangsa.

Prosedur:

Sebelum menjadi sepiring sushi hidup, orang (biasanya wanita) dilatih untuk berbaring selama berjam-jam tanpa bergerak. Dia atau dia juga harus mampu menahan kenalan yang terlalu lama untuk makanan sejuk. Sebelum perkhidmatan, individu seharusnya telah mandi menggunakan sabun aroma tidak khusus dan kemudian dihabisi dengan percikan air sejuk untuk menyejukkan tubuh bawah agak untuk sushi. Di beberapa bahagian dunia, dalam rangka mematuhi undang-undang sanitasi, harus ada lapisan bahan plastik atau yang lain antara sushi dan tubuh wanita atau lelaki.

































Pompuan bley jd piring dah skang ni, jahanam2. Nasib baik takde jual kat IKEA hahahhaa

Gambar bayangan hitam atau siluet (Silhouette)

Silhouette merupakan pemandangan sesuatu objek, yang hanya menunjukkan bentuk tanpa maklumat permukaan objek tersebut. Silhouette memerlukan latarbelakang yang lebih cerah dari objek.




Tips menghasilkan gambar siluet:-

Matikan Flash

Yang pertama dan terpenting adalah flash di kamera harus dimatikan, kalau tidak anda akan dapat foto yang biasa (objek utamanya tidak jadi gelap). Jadi matikan flash dikamera anda.

Cari kondisi pencahayaan yang tepat (backlight)

Untuk menghasilkan siluet, background anda harus lebih terang dibandingkan dengan objek utama. Kebanyakan foto siluet dilakukan ketika sunset atau sunrise, dimana matahari (sumber cahaya) ada di belakang objek yang ingin anda ambil (backlighting). Tapi gambar siluet juga boleh di ambil pada waktu yang lain, yang penting cahaya di belakang objek lebih terang.

Foto siluet akan sangat menonjolkan bentuk objek utama, oleh karena itu cari objek dengan bentuk yang menarik dan memiliki karakter kuat.

Carilah background yang tepat

Untuk mendapat siluet anda harus mencari background yang lebih terang.

Ukur eksposur dengan tepat (manual/ auto)

Seboleh mungkin gunakanlah mode manual eskposur. Set metering di spot metering. Lakukan pengukuran di kawasan background yang paling terang. Ubah kombinasi aperture dan shutter speed sesuai dengan hasil metering anda, terutama pada aperture pastikan anda set sesuai denga kehendak anda (aperture besar untuk background yang agak kabur dan aperture kecil untuk background yang tajam). Setelah anda menentukan aperture dan shutter speed yang dipilih, arahkan kamera ke objek utama.

Jika anda tidak bisa menggunakan mode manual, gunakanlah mode auto. Arahkan kamera ke kawasan paling terang, tekan setengah shutter anda (jangan tekan penuh) lalu tahan shutter. Kemudian arahkan kamera ke objek utama anda, kemudian barulah anda tekan sepenuhnya shutter anda.

Selamat mencuba...

warga universiti

nota: ni off-topic sket. so, saye xnk la skema sgt. redah aje. skema sket2 la.

saje tulis. saket mate tengok orang komplen pasal bende yang bleh elak.

• "letrik mahal" - kalo da tau bil karen naek, pandai2 la jimat. toksah degil sangat. barang letrik bukan kutip experience pn. xde power-up pn. xyh la on kalo xgune.
• "parking tak cukup" - da tau parking xcukup, carpool la. xpn naek bas je. ni tak... kete asal bole nak sorg sebijik. cam lecturer bagi naek gred je kalo bawak kete.
• "bas tak frequent" - ikut la mase bas. korg bukan pm. driver bas tuh bukan drive untuk korg. kalo x mesti U letak tiltle die "driver korg" instead of "driver bas".
• sambung dari atas - "telepas bas" - pandai2 timing. mase skola dulu bleh, xkn skrg xle. alasan biar ade rupe sket. masuk mahkamah rayuan konfem xlepasnye cmni.
• "facilities xpower cam kat MMU" - sape soh xmasuk mmu? memang mendapat la kan masuk universiti tak buat research. bleh je kalo nak kuar sekarang.

cukup la ni dulu. saye pn buang mase cakap bende nih. budak2 zaman skrg ni degil. bukan nak dengar cakap. pantang kene tego.

layan lawak sat

ISO

Salam... 

untuk entri kali ni.. saya akan menerangkan satu lagi perkara yang perlu anda tahu dalam penggunaan DSLR, iaitu ISO.

ISO merupakan kadar sensitivity sensor cahaya di dalam kamera. Ia hampir sama dengan ASA jka anda pernah mengunakan kamera filem. Kebanyakan DSLR mempunyai ISO dari serendah 50 hingga 3200. DSLR untuk professional boleh mencapai iso sehingga 6400 dan 25600. ISO yang rendah, seperti 50, 100, 200, biasanya di gunakan dalam suasana yang terang dan mempunyai pencahayaan yang cukup. ISO 400 ke atas biasanya di gunakan di dalam rumah atau pada waktu gelap.

Gunakan ISO yang rendah bagi mendapatkan 'aperture' dan 'kelajuan shutter' yang diperlukan. Tambahkan ISO untuk 'aperture' yang kecil dan 'kelajuan shutter' yang laju. ISO yang laju seperti ISO 800, 1600. ISO tidak memberikan kesan kepada gambar, hanya jika ISO terlalu tinggi, bergantung kepada jenis kamera, akan menyebabkan gambar banyak noise atau 'grain' (bintik-bintik pada gambar).

Asasnya anda perlu mengambil gambar menggunakan ISO yang paling rendah yang memberikan kelajuan shutter dan ketajaman fokus yang anda perlukan. Sekiranya anda perlukan lebih ketajaman fokus tetapi tidak mahu mengurangkan kelajuan shutter, maka anda perlu menaikkan ISO dan mengurangkan aperture. Sekiranya gambar anda blur kerana kelajuan shutter yang rendah, anda perlu menaikkan ISO walaupun ianya akan menyebabkan noise. Ini kerana gambar yang mempunyai noise yang tinggi tetap boleh difahami oleh mata berbanding gambar yang terlalu blur.

contoh perbezaan penggunaan ISO drpd fotogu

Berikut beberapa contoh penggunaan ISO mengikut keadaan dan hasilnya.

ISO	Kesesuaian	Hasil
100-200	Waktu tengah hari terik/cerah dan cukup kekuatan cahaya (seperti di dalam studio)	Gambar pada iso ini akan menghasilkan warna, contrast yang paling optimum.
400	Waktu mendung, dibawah litupan.	Gambar masih lagi mempunyai warna yang baik dan noise pada jumlah minima
800	Waktu di dalam rumah	Gambar mempunyai warna sedikit pudar dan noise banyak kelihatan.
1600	Waktu malam dan kurang bercahaya	Gambar mempunyai warna tetapi kurang menarik, noise lebih banyak kelihatan.
3200-6400	Waktu yang gelap dan tidak bercahaya.	Gambar sesuai di ambil menggunakan mod hitam putih.

Harap penerangan saya dpat membantu anda dalam mengendalikan DSLR anda.


Sebarang pertanyaan sila komen ya. =)

Malaysia Juara AFF SuzukiCup!!!